长毛兔作为毛用兔品种，其健康状况直接影响产毛量与品质。由于饲养环境、气候条件及管理方式的差异，长毛兔易受多种疾病侵袭，掌握常见疾病的症状表现，能为早期诊断与防治提供依据，减少养殖损失。

　　As a high-quality breed of wool rabbits, the health status of Jinan long haired rabbits directly affects their wool production and quality. Due to differences in breeding environment, climate conditions, and management methods, long haired rabbits are susceptible to various diseases. Understanding the symptoms of common diseases can provide a basis for early diagnosis and prevention, and reduce breeding losses.

　　传染病是威胁长毛兔群体健康的主要风险，这类疾病传播迅速，若不及时控制可能引发大规模发病。兔病毒性出血症（俗称 “兔瘟”）是危害严重的传染病之一，发病急、死亡率高，急性病例常无明显症状突然死亡，病程稍长的病兔会出现体温升高（达 41℃以上）、精神萎靡、食欲废绝，临死前四肢抽搐、口鼻流出带血泡沫，剖检可见肺部出血、肝脏肿大。巴氏杆菌病由多杀性巴氏杆菌引起，症状因感染部位不同而异：肺炎型病兔表现为咳嗽、打喷嚏、呼吸困难，鼻孔流出脓性分泌物，呼吸时伴随 “咕噜” 声；中耳炎型（歪头病）病兔头部偏向一侧，转圈运动，严重时无法站立，采食困难；败血症型则表现为体温升高、四肢冰凉，临死前体温骤降，全身黏膜充血。兔痘是由痘病毒引起的急性传染病，病兔皮肤（尤其是鼻、唇、眼睑周围）出现红色丘疹，逐渐发展为水疱、脓疱，随后结痂，同时伴有体温升高、食欲减退，幼兔感染后死亡率较高。

　　Infectious diseases are the main risk threatening the health of the long haired rabbit population. These diseases spread rapidly and if not controlled in a timely manner, may lead to large-scale outbreaks. Rabbit viral haemorrhagic disease (commonly known as "rabbit plague") is one of the most serious infectious diseases. It is characterized by acute onset and high mortality. Acute cases often die suddenly without obvious symptoms. Rabbits with a slightly longer course of disease will have elevated body temperature (above 41 ℃), depression, loss of appetite, limb twitching, bloody foam flowing from the mouth and nose before death, and lung bleeding and liver enlargement can be seen on autopsy. Pasteurellosis is caused by Pasteurella multocida, and its symptoms vary depending on the site of infection. In rabbits with pneumonia, symptoms include coughing, sneezing, difficulty breathing, purulent discharge from the nostrils, and a "gurgling" sound during breathing; Rabbits with otitis media type (tilt head disease) have their heads tilted to one side and move in circles. In severe cases, they may not be able to stand and have difficulty feeding; Sepsis type is characterized by elevated body temperature, cold limbs, sudden drop in body temperature before death, and congestion of mucous membranes throughout the body. Rabbit pox is an acute infectious disease caused by poxvirus. Red papules appear on the skin of diseased rabbits (especially around the nose, lips, and eyelids), gradually developing into blisters and pustules, followed by scabbing, accompanied by increased body temperature and decreased appetite. The mortality rate of young rabbits infected is relatively high.

　　寄生虫病多由体内外寄生虫感染引起，虽发病较缓，但会影响长毛兔的生长与产毛性能。球虫病是幼兔常见的寄生虫病，分为肝球虫病和肠球虫病：肝球虫病病兔精神沉郁，被毛粗乱，肝区触诊有痛感，后期出现黄疸、腹泻与便秘交替；肠球虫病则以腹泻为主，粪便带血或黏液，病兔消瘦、贫血，肛门周围沾满粪便，严重时因脱水死亡。疥癣病（螨虫病）由疥螨或痒螨寄生引起，疥螨多寄生在头部、嘴周、脚爪，导致病兔剧烈瘙痒，频繁啃咬、抓挠患处，皮肤出现丘疹、结痂，严重时脱毛、皮肤增厚龟裂；痒螨主要寄生在耳部，病兔耳道内产生大量黄色痂皮，堵塞耳道，引起听力下降、摇头不安。

　　Parasitic diseases are often caused by parasitic infections both inside and outside the body. Although the onset is relatively slow, it can affect the growth and hair production performance of long haired rabbits. Coccidiosis is the most common parasitic disease in young rabbits, divided into hepatic coccidiosis and intestinal coccidiosis. Rabbits with hepatic coccidiosis have depressed spirits, coarse and messy fur, and a painful sensation when palpated in the liver area. Later, jaundice, diarrhea, and constipation alternate; Intestinal coccidiosis is mainly characterized by diarrhea, with bloody or mucous feces. The affected rabbits are emaciated, anemic, and covered in feces around the anus. In severe cases, they die from dehydration. Scabies disease (mite disease) is caused by parasitic mites such as scabies mites or itching mites. Scabies mites often parasitize on the head, mouth, and feet, causing severe itching, frequent biting and scratching of the affected area, papules and scabs on the skin, and in severe cases, hair loss, thickening and cracking of the skin; Itchy mites mainly parasitize the ears, and sick rabbits produce a large amount of yellow scabs in the ear canal, blocking the ear canal and causing hearing loss and shaking of the head.

　　普通病多与饲养管理不当相关，通过改善环境与营养可有效预防。消化系统疾病在长毛兔中较为常见，积食病多因采食过多精料或易膨胀饲料（如豆饼、玉米）引起，病兔食欲减退，腹部膨大，触诊有坚硬感，粪便干硬变小，严重时无法排便；腹泻病则由饲料变质、突然换料或着凉引发，病兔粪便稀薄如水，肛门周围被毛污染，精神萎靡，后期因脱水导致四肢无力。毛球病是长毛兔特有的疾病，由于舔食自身脱落的兔毛在胃内形成毛球，病兔表现为食欲下降、便秘，有时呕吐出带有兔毛的黏液，腹部触诊可摸到圆形硬块，长期不愈会导致消瘦、贫血。

　　Common diseases are often related to improper feeding and management, and can be effectively prevented by improving the environment and nutrition. Digestive system diseases are more common in long haired rabbits, and indigestion is often caused by excessive consumption of concentrated feed or easily swollen feed (such as soybean cakes and corn). The diseased rabbits have decreased appetite, enlarged abdomen, and a hard feeling when palpated. The feces become dry and hard, and in severe cases, they cannot defecate; Diarrhea is caused by the deterioration of feed, sudden change of feed, or catching a cold. The feces of sick rabbits are as thin as water, and the area around the anus is contaminated with hair, leading to mental fatigue. In the later stage, dehydration causes weakness in the limbs. Woolball disease is a unique disease of long haired rabbits. Due to the formation of hairballs in the stomach by licking the shed rabbit hair, the diseased rabbits show decreased appetite, constipation, and sometimes vomiting mucus with rabbit hair. A round hard lump can be felt by palpation of the abdomen, which can lead to weight loss and anemia if left untreated for a long time.

　　营养代谢病与饲料营养不均衡密切相关，影响长毛兔的生长发育与产毛质量。维生素 A 缺乏症多因长期饲喂缺乏胡萝卜素的饲料引起，病兔表现为夜盲症（傍晚后行动迟缓、碰撞障碍物），眼角膜干燥、浑浊，严重时失明，母兔还会出现流产或产畸形仔兔。钙磷代谢紊乱常因饲料中钙磷比例失调或缺乏维生素 D 导致，幼兔表现为佝偻病，四肢弯曲、关节肿大，站立困难；成年兔则患骨软症，骨骼脆弱易骨折，母兔产后易出现瘫痪，躺卧不起，乳汁分泌减少。

　　Nutritional metabolic diseases are closely related to imbalanced feed nutrition, affecting the growth, development, and wool quality of long haired rabbits. Vitamin A deficiency is often caused by long-term feeding of a diet lacking in carotenoids. Infected rabbits exhibit night blindness (delayed movement and collision with obstacles in the evening), dry and cloudy corneas, and in severe cases, blindness. Mother rabbits may also experience miscarriage or malformed offspring. Disruption of calcium and phosphorus metabolism is often caused by an imbalance in the proportion of calcium and phosphorus in the feed or a lack of vitamin D. Young rabbits exhibit rickets, bent limbs, swollen joints, and difficulty standing; Adult rabbits suffer from osteoporosis, with fragile bones that are prone to fractures. Female rabbits are prone to paralysis, lying down, and reduced milk secretion after childbirth.

　　外科病多由外伤、感染或护理不当引发，需及时处理以防恶化。脚皮炎常见于成年长毛兔，因笼底铁丝过硬、粗糙，导致脚掌皮肤磨损感染，病兔脚掌出现充血、肿胀，随后形成溃疡，行走时疼痛跛行，严重时不愿站立，食欲下降。乳腺炎多发生于母兔产后，因乳头被仔兔咬伤或环境卫生差引发感染，病兔乳房红肿、发热，触诊有硬块，乳汁变稠或带血，严重时形成脓肿，体温升高，拒绝哺乳。皮下脓肿由外伤感染葡萄球菌等细菌引起，病兔体表（如颈部、背部）出现圆形肿胀，初期较硬，后期变软有波动感，脓肿破裂后流出浓稠脓液，伤口长期不愈合。

　　Surgical diseases are often caused by trauma, infection, or improper care, and require timely treatment to prevent deterioration. Foot dermatitis is common in adult long haired rabbits. Due to the hard and rough wire at the bottom of the cage, the skin on the soles of the feet becomes worn and infected. The affected rabbits' feet become congested and swollen, followed by ulceration. They experience pain and limping while walking, and in severe cases, they are unwilling to stand and their appetite decreases. Mastitis often occurs after childbirth in female rabbits, caused by infection due to nipple biting by young rabbits or poor environmental hygiene. The affected rabbits have red and swollen breasts, fever, hard lumps on palpation, thickened or bloody milk, and in severe cases, abscesses can form. Their body temperature rises and they refuse to breastfeed. Subcutaneous abscess is caused by external infection of bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. The surface of the affected rabbit's body (such as the neck and back) shows circular swelling, initially hard and later becoming soft and wavy. After the abscess ruptures, thick pus flows out, and the wound does not heal for a long time.

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