1.发情表现4月龄的家兔就有发情表现。母兔发情行为表现为兴奋不安爱跑跳，顿足，仰头，左顾右盼，乱刨笼底板，用脚踏底板，频频排尿，食欲减

4 month old rabbits show signs of estrus. The estrus behavior of female rabbits is characterized by excitement, restlessness, love to run and jump, stuttering, looking up, looking left and right, haphazardly digging the bottom of the cage, using the bottom of the foot, frequent urination, and decreased appetite

退，并常在饲盘或其他用具上摩擦下颌，俗称「闹圈」。性欲强的母免还主动接近公兔，当公兔追逐爬跨时母兔后躯抬高，接受交配，甚调情、爬跨其他公免、母兔，用手抚摸免背时，母免下蹲贴服笼底将尾举起，

Retreat and often rub the lower jaw on feeding plates or other utensils, commonly known as "noisy circles". A female rabbit with strong sexual desire also actively approaches the male rabbit. When the male rabbit chases and crawls, the female rabbit raises its hind body to accept mating, and even flirts and crawls over other male and female rabbits. When touching the back of the female rabbit with her hand, the female rabbit crouches down and sticks to the bottom of the cage to lift her tail,

2.生殖器官变化 母兔发情初期外阴部黏膜潮红充血，有光泽和分泌物。发情开始时外阴部呈粉红色或淡红色，随着发情的进展颜色加重呈大红色或老红色。发情后期黏膜变成黑紫色，阴户肿胀与黏膜颜色逐渐消失。除上述发情表现以外，一般母兔的卵巢在发情前2~3天，卵泡发育迅速，卵泡内膜增生，卵泡液分泌增多，卵泡壁变薄并突出于卵巢表面。阴道上皮充血，阴蒂充血和勃起子宫颈及前庭大腺分泌的黏液增多;子宫颈松弛，子官充血，输卵管蠕动和纤毛颤动加强。持续时间为3~5天，这段时间称发情持续期。幼龄母免发育到初情期之后，直性机能衰老之前，卵巢中1次能成熟许多卵子。但这些卵子只有在和公兔交配后 10~12 小时才能从卵巢中排出。

2. Changes in reproductive organs: During the early stage of estrus in female rabbits, the mucous membrane of the external genitalia is flushed, congested, shiny, and secreted. At the beginning of estrus, the external genitalia appears pink or light red, and as estrus progresses, the color intensifies and becomes bright red or old red. In the late stage of estrus, the mucous membrane turns black purple, and the swelling of the vagina and the color of the mucous membrane gradually disappear. In addition to the above estrus symptoms, the ovaries of female rabbits generally develop rapidly 2-3 days before estrus, with follicular endometrium hyperplasia, increased secretion of follicular fluid, and thinning of follicular walls protruding from the ovarian surface. Vaginal epithelial congestion, clitoral congestion, and increased secretion of mucus from the erect cervix and vestibular glands; Cervical relaxation, congestion of the cervix, increased peristalsis and ciliary tremors in the fallopian tubes. The duration is 3-5 days, which is called the estrus duration. After reaching the onset of puberty and before sexual function declines, many eggs can mature in the ovaries at once in young mothers. But these eggs can only be released from the ovaries 10-12 hours after mating with male rabbits.

3.发情周期 母兔性成熟后发情有周期性，一般发情周期短，8~15 天发情1 次，持续2~3天，但发情无规律性。长毛兔母免的发情周期不太规律，有的母兔一直发情，因卵巢中经常有处于不同发育阶段的卵子。也有母免在一定时间发出气味，引诱公兔交配。但母免发情受季节气温的变化影响较大，在气候较温和的春秋季饲料来源充足，发情较为明显，种免性欲强，受胎率、产仔数和育成率较高。而在夏冬季长毛兔食欲较差，种免性欲不高，空怀率和产仔死亡率较高。应注意搞好发情鉴定工作，尤其是群体较大时，不要因漏掉发情母兔而延误了配种。还需要喂给营养丰富的饲料，以使长毛免保持良好的体质，

3. The estrus cycle of female rabbits is periodic after sexual maturity. Generally, the estrus cycle is short, once every 8-15 days for 2-3 days, but the estrus is irregular. The estrus cycle of long haired rabbits is not very regular, and some female rabbits are constantly in heat due to the presence of eggs at different developmental stages in their ovaries. There are also female rabbits that emit odors for a certain period of time to lure male rabbits into mating. However, maternal immunity to estrus is greatly affected by seasonal temperature changes. In the mild climate of spring and autumn, there are sufficient sources of feed, and estrus is more obvious. Seed immunity has strong sexual desire, and the conception rate, litter size, and fertility rate are higher. In summer and winter, long haired rabbits have poor appetite, low libido, and high rates of empty pregnancy and neonatal mortality. Attention should be paid to the identification of estrus, especially when the population is large, so as not to delay breeding due to missing estrus female rabbits. It is also necessary to feed it with nutrient rich feed to maintain a good physical condition for long haired animals,

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