长毛兔因其浓密柔顺的被毛成为特种养殖领域的热门品种，但在换毛期出现的异常掉毛现象常令养殖户困扰。这一生理过程受光照周期、激素水平及营养状况共同调控，需通过系统化管理实现被毛健康更替。

　　Long haired rabbits have become a popular breed in the field of special breeding due to their dense and soft fur, but the abnormal shedding of fur during the molting period often troubles breeders. This physiological process is regulated by the light cycle, hormone levels, and nutritional status, and requires systematic management to achieve healthy replacement of fur.

　　一、换毛期生理机制解析

　　1、 Analysis of Physiological Mechanisms during Hair Replacement Period

　　长毛兔每年经历季节性换毛，春秋两季尤为明显。褪黑素分泌量随日照时长变化，触发毛囊由生长期向休止期过渡。某研究所观测数据显示，日照时间减少会引发兔体内皮质醇水平波动，加速旧毛脱落。此阶段需关注兔舍光照管理，避免突然改变光照周期导致应激性脱毛。

　　Long haired rabbits undergo seasonal molting every year, particularly in spring and autumn. The secretion of melatonin varies with the duration of sunlight, triggering the transition of hair follicles from the growth phase to the resting phase. Observational data from a certain research institute shows that a decrease in sunlight exposure can cause fluctuations in the levels of cortisol in rabbits, accelerating the shedding of old hair. At this stage, attention should be paid to the lighting management of the rabbit house to avoid sudden changes in the lighting cycle that may cause stress-induced hair loss.

　　二、营养调控技术要点

　　2、 Key points of nutritional regulation technology

　　氨基酸平衡：被毛蛋白中含硫氨基酸占比达18%，需在日粮中补充蛋氨酸、胱氨酸。某饲料企业研发的长毛兔专用预混料，通过添加酵母水解物使毛纤维直径提升，断毛率降低。

　　Amino acid balance: The proportion of sulfur-containing amino acids in hair protein reaches 18%, and methionine and cysteine need to be supplemented in the diet. The special premix for long haired rabbits developed by a certain feed enterprise increases the diameter of hair fibers and reduces the breakage rate by adding yeast hydrolysate.

　　微量元素协同：锌参与角蛋白合成，铜影响毛色光泽度。某养殖场实践表明，日粮铜含量控制在8-10ppm时，兔毛黄染率下降。

　　Trace element synergy: Zinc participates in keratin synthesis, while copper affects hair color and glossiness. Practice in a certain breeding farm has shown that when the copper content in the diet is controlled at 8-10 ppm, the yellow staining rate of rabbit hair decreases.

　　脂肪酸供给：亚油酸缺乏会导致毛囊萎缩。添加3%冷榨亚麻籽油可使新生毛被柔顺度提升，皮肤炎发生率降低。

　　Fatty acid supply: Lack of linoleic acid can lead to hair follicle atrophy. Adding 3% cold pressed flaxseed oil can improve the softness of newly formed hair and reduce the incidence of dermatitis.

　　三、环境管理关键措施

　　3、 Key measures for environmental management

　　温湿度控制：兔舍温度维持在15-25℃，湿度控制在55-65%。某规模化兔场数据显示，高温高湿环境会使换毛期延长，异常脱毛量增加。

　　Temperature and humidity control: The temperature in the rabbit house is maintained at 15-25 ℃, and the humidity is controlled at 55-65%. Data from a large-scale rabbit farm shows that high temperature and humidity environments can prolong the molting period and increase abnormal hair removal.

　　空气质量优化：氨气浓度超过20ppm会刺激毛囊。采用生物发酵床技术，配合每小时3次机械通风，可使兔舍空气质量达标。

　　Air quality optimization: Ammonia concentration exceeding 20ppm can stimulate hair follicles. The use of biological fermentation bed technology, combined with mechanical ventilation three times per hour, can ensure that the air quality in the rabbit house meets the standard.

　　光照强度调节：避免直射强光，采用40W灯提供10-15Lux漫射光，防止紫外线灼伤新生毛囊。

　　Light intensity adjustment: Avoid direct strong light and use a 40W energy-saving lamp to provide 10-15Lux diffused light, preventing UV rays from burning newly formed hair follicles.

　　四、日常护理操作规范

　　4、 Daily nursing operation standards

　　梳毛频率优化：换毛期每日用弹性钢丝梳梳理2次，每次10分钟。某养殖基地对比发现，规范梳毛可使浮毛率提升，减少毛球症发生。

　　Optimization of combing frequency: During the hair changing period, use an elastic steel wire comb to comb twice a day for 10 minutes each time. A comparison of a certain breeding base found that standardized combing can improve the removal rate of floating hair and reduce the occurrence of hairball disease.

　　药浴时机选择：在换毛高峰期后进行药浴，使用含0.15%氯己定的中药洗剂，可杀灭体表寄生虫，某病例中螨虫感染率因此下降。

　　Timing of medicated bathing: After the peak period of hair replacement, medicated bathing is performed using a traditional Chinese medicine detergent containing 0.15% chlorhexidine, which can kill surface parasites and reduce the infection rate of mites in a certain case.

　　应激防控：避免在换毛期进行转群、免疫等操作。某实验显示，运输应激会使皮质醇水平升高，导致毛囊提前进入退行期。

　　Stress prevention and control: Avoid group switching, immunization, and other operations during the shedding period. A certain experiment showed that transportation stress can increase cortisol levels, leading to premature degeneration of hair follicles.

　　五、异常脱毛鉴别诊断

　　5、 Differential diagnosis of abnormal hair removal

　　营养性脱毛：背部出现“V”形脱毛区，毛干脆弱易断。需检测饲料粗蛋白含量，某病例通过添加赖氨酸使症状缓解。

　　Nutritional hair removal: A "V" - shaped hair removal area appears on the back, and the hair shaft is fragile and prone to breakage. It is necessary to test the crude protein content of the feed. In a certain case, the symptoms were relieved by adding lysine.

　　寄生虫性脱毛：腹股沟、耳后出现圆形脱毛斑，皮肤增厚。显微镜检查发现疥螨时，需使用伊维菌素注射液。

　　Parasitic hair removal: circular hair removal spots appear in the groin and behind the ears, and the skin thickens. When scabies mites are detected by microscopic examination, treatment with ivermectin injection is necessary.

　　真菌性脱毛：脱毛区呈圆形或不规则形，边缘有鳞屑。采用伍德氏灯检查，确诊后使用特比萘芬喷雾剂。

　　Fungal hair removal: The hair removal area is circular or irregular in shape, with scales on the edges. Wooden lamp examination was used, and terbinafine spray was used after diagnosis.

　　长毛兔换毛期管理需构建“营养-环境-护理”三位一体防控体系。通过精准调控日粮营养素、优化兔舍微环境、规范日常护理操作，可显著提升被毛品质。当出现异常脱毛时，需结合临床检查与实验室诊断实施靶向，确保养殖效益与动物福利的双重保障。

　　The management of the shedding period of long haired rabbits requires the establishment of a three in one prevention and control system of "nutrition environment care". By precisely regulating the nutrients in the diet, optimizing the microenvironment of the rabbit house, and standardizing daily nursing operations, the quality of the fur can be significantly improved. When abnormal hair removal occurs, targeted therapy should be implemented in combination with clinical examination and laboratory diagnosis to ensure the dual protection of breeding benefits and animal welfare.

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